Chronic kidney disease

Main symptoms

• •Chronic fatigue
• •Oedema (feet, face)
• •Secondary hypertension
• •Reduced urine output
• •Foamy urine (proteinuria)
• •Itching (uraemia)
• •Nausea, appetite loss
• •Anaemia (low erythropoietin)

Risk factors

• ⚠️ Diabetes (#1 cause)
• ⚠️ Uncontrolled hypertension
• ⚠️ Age over 60
• ⚠️ Family history
• ⚠️ Long-term NSAIDs
• ⚠️ Recurrent pyelonephritis
• ⚠️ Chronic kidney stones
• ⚠️ Obesity, metabolic syndrome

Management and treatments

**Stages 1-3**: strict control of diabetes + hypertension, renal protection (ACE inhibitors/ARBs), stop NSAIDs, quarterly follow-up. **Stage 4**: preparation for renal replacement (transplant list, dialysis education). **Stage 5**: **dialysis** (haemodialysis 3x/week or daily peritoneal) or **kidney transplant** (CHU Ibn Rochd, Ibn Sina, Mohammed VI — ~100 transplants/year in Morocco). CKD recognised as **ALD 100%** (dialysis + immunosuppressants + medical transport).

Prevention

Diabetes control (HbA1c < 7%), BP (< 130/80), stop smoking, avoid long-term NSAIDs, 1.5-2 L/day hydration, annual kidney panel after 50 or with risk factors (creatinine, eGFR, albuminuria), moderate-salt diet.

Frequently asked questions